如何积累和运用雅思写作词汇
雅思写作高分指导之如何积累和运用雅思写作词汇?今天小编就给大家带来了雅思写作高分指导,希望能够帮助到大家,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
雅思写作高分指导:如何积累和运用雅思写作词汇
1. 雅思写作词汇量有限,只会重复使用简单的词汇
考生的词汇量不多,在复习过程中又不看优秀范文,或者即使看了范文,将之与自己写的文章对照后,也不做任何词汇积累工作。如果作文中涉及“污染”这个词的使用,绝大部分考生都选择用pollution 这个词,并且在行文过程中不停地重复这个词。这样重复使用一个词导致的结果就是作文词汇得分只能达到5分。
2. 有一定的写作词汇量,但是不会运用,浪费了词汇储备
有些考生复习时会很注意积累范文中的用词和表达,但总是不得其法,背下来一堆“高大上”但却不知道如何使用的词。在考场上,这类考生往往有一种“茶壶里煮饺子——肚子里有货倒不出”的感觉,即使背了很多词汇,在考场上也发挥不出来。
例如,虽然考生在考试前记住了facilitate (to make it easier for a process or activity to happen)这个词,但在考场上想表达“计算机可以帮助我们更好地学习语言”的时候,却仍然写成了“Computers make it easier for us to learn another language ”,而不是“Computers can be used to facilitate language learning ”。那么,对于这类考生来说,复习时所做的词汇积累就毫无意义可言了。
3. 写作用词不准确
有些考生很注重积累词汇,但在写作时却不分语境地随意使用。其结果是,虽然用了“高大上”的词汇,却因为用词不准确,仍不能得到自己满意的分数。
例如有些考生在词典中查到单词endorse 的中文解释有“赞同,同意”一项,于是决定把作文中的agree全改成endorse。殊不知,这个endorse在《朗文当代英语词典》中的英文定义是“to express formal support or approval for someone or something”,这意味着endorse表示“同意”时多用于正式场合,并且很多时候是有一定身份的人才可以使用的,例如:“The Prime Minister is unlikely to endorse this view. ”因此,考生在作文中直接把这个词当做“同意”来使用是不准确的。
接下来,将从雅思写作的词汇评分标准入手,帮助考生们明确评分标准的要求,同时提出解决上述三个问题的方法。
雅思写作中词汇评分标准的要求
雅思词汇评分标准中已经明确地阐述了不同分数档对考生的词汇要求,下面笔者以5 分、6 分和7 分的评分标准为例,为考生进行分析讲解。
雅思写作5分:uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally adequate for the task; may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader
雅思写作6分:uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task; attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy; makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication
雅思写作7分:uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision; uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation; may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and word formation
从这三个分数档的要求描述中可以看出:
如果考生想达到5 分,只需具有有限的词汇量(limited range of vocabulary) ,能够完成作文就好;
而如果考生想达到6 分,则需要有足够的词汇量(adequate range of vocabulary),并使用不常见词汇(less common vocabulary) ;
7 分的要求更高,要求考生有丰富的词汇量(sufficient range of vocabulary) ,在词汇使用方面体现出灵活性(flexibility) 和准确性(precision) ,在使用不常见词汇的同时也能对语体(style) 和搭配(collocation) 有一定了解。
下面对以上评分标准中提到的关键词做详细解析,希望能帮考生明确备考方向。
1. 词汇量(range of vocabulary)
对于词汇量的要求,5 分的评分标准中用的形容词是limited ( 有限的)。什么样的情况属于词汇量有限呢?举例来说,如果要描述这样一个事实:“越来越多的人购买了越来越多的车辆,造成了越来越严重的空气污染。”很多考生多半会写成:“More and more people are buying more and more cars, which causes more and more serious air pollution.”这个英语句子的意思表达得很清楚,可在词汇上只能拿到5 分。因为在表示“越来越多”这个概念的时候,more and more这个词组被重复了三遍,这表现了考生在词汇储备方面的匮乏。
如果考生想得到6 分及以上的分数,就要学会用a/an growing/increasing number of 、increasingly来替换more and more,即把本句改成:“Agrowing number of people are buying more and more cars,which causes increasingly serious air pollution. ”对于每个常见含义,笔者建议考生至少要掌握三种不同的英文表达方式。
此外,在作文中,考官也会看重考生对不同话题相关词汇量的掌握情况,以此作为评分的一种依据。比如说,对于犯罪的话题,criminal ( 罪犯)这个词是考生在写作时必然会用上的。除了可以使用lawbreaker 、offender这样的同义转换词外,如果考生在考试中能使用一些表示具体犯了某种罪的罪犯的名词,例如thief ( 小偷)、juvenile delinquent(少年犯)以及serial killer (连环杀手),也是自身具有充足词汇量的有力证明。
2.不常见词汇(less common vocabulary)
什么是不常见词汇?有很多考生认为不常见词汇就是大词、难词,于是费尽了心思去搜集。其实,所谓的不常见词汇,是指那些考生在写作文时往往用不到,但一看范文或官方样文就认识的词。
如果考生观察《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集(3~9) 》中所提供的官方样文的话,就会发现样文里几乎没有大词、难词。相反,官方样文的用词几乎都是四、六级考查范围内的词汇。比如,在上文中笔者曾经提到,一旦说到“污染”这个词,很多考生的第一反应就是用pollution ,而contamination这个词其实就是六级词汇中要求考生掌握的词,它完全可以替换pollution 。再比如,表示“破坏环境”这个含义时,大部分考生写出的表达是damage environment,而“破坏”这个词可以替换为六级词汇中的deteriorate。所以,考生只要把大学四、六级考查的词汇掌握好就行,不需要特意去寻找其他的词汇资源。
3.词汇运用的灵活性(flexibility)
关于写作词汇运用的灵活性,涉及以下两个方面。
(1)利用同义词或同义的概念替换词以避免同一词汇在文章中重复出现。这里利用同义词是指如果考生在作文中两次提到了相同的概念,那么考生可以分别用两个不同的词来表示。例如,在作文中考生可以分别用important和significant来表示“重要的”以避免重复。而同义的概念替换词是指两个可能并非完全同义,但在一定情境下可以相互替换的词汇。例如,activity ( 活动) 和competition ( 竞争) 的意思并不完全相同,但在谈到关于“比赛”这个概念时,这两个词都是可以使用的。例如,一场篮球赛是一场竞争(competition),也是一种活动(activity) 。
(2)通过使用“词性不同但词义相同的词汇”来避免重复。例如,在文章中要表达“日本的石油消耗量居全世界首位,而美国排第二”这个含义时,可以用“Japan consumes the largest amount of oil in the world, while consumption in the US ranks second place ”来体现词汇使用的灵活性。其中,句中的consume和consumption 词性不同,但词义相同。
4.词汇运用的准确性(precision)
顾名思义,准确性就是指单词使用的准确程度。在积累词汇的过程中,考生会背很多同义或可表示相似意义的词汇,但有些词汇即使意思相近,在用法上也有很大的区别。例如,在前文提到了endorse这个词的使用,如果不分场合地用它来代替agree,就会造成表达不当。再如,描述一个人的眼睛大可以用big,虽然big非常常见,但big eyes 搭配起来没有问题。可是如果用enormous (extremely large in size or amount) 来形容眼睛的大小,就不恰当了。
所以,考生在平时记忆词汇时要多注意区分词汇使用的语境,从而确保词汇使用的准确性。
5. 词汇,语体及搭配(style and collocation)
Style是指语体的风格。雅思考试中的写作测试是一个偏向于正式文体的语言测试,所以考生在行文的过程中不应出现过于口语化的内容,也不能用缩略语的形式。例如“I am gonna ... ”或“I’d like to ... ”这种表达都不应在雅思写作中出现,而应该用“I will …”或“I tend to … ”这样的表达来替代。评分标准中要求的搭配(collocation)的英文定义是“the way in which some words are often used together, or a particular combination of words ”,这要求考生在写作时要注意词语的固定搭配。例如,表示“学习知识”应该用acquire knowledge ,而不是learn knowledge;表示“犯罪”应该用commit a crime,而不是do a crime。这需要考生在平时多看范文,注意多多积累固定搭配,以提高自己在雅思词汇方面的得分。
解决雅思写作词汇积累和使用难题
事实上,考生在知道了词汇评分标准的要求后,再遇到问题时就不难解决了。下面笔者就根据词汇的评分标准,给出解决本文开头提到的三个问题的方法。
1. 积累丰富多样化的雅思写作词语
为了避免在写作时重复使用有限词汇,考生在看范文时应对范文中意义相似或相同的词进行积累和背诵。例如,在《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集6 》Test 2 的官方样文中,表示某人观点的时候,分别用了find 、feel 、think等词汇表示“认为”的含义,考生就可以将其归纳总结,并在表达观点时使用,以确保自己作文中的词汇表达具有多样性。
2. 模仿雅思写作高分范文
为了避免背过的高级词汇使用不上,建议考生在平时用仿写范文的方法进行练习。具体的方法是,首先看一遍范文,理解了范文意思后,自己用英文写一遍,写完后把自己写的文章和范文进行对照,查找异同,找出自己的用词和范文的用词有哪些不同之处,并总结范文中的地道词汇,然后进行记忆。例如,在《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集5 》Test 2 的官方样文中,表示“学习”和“好工作”两个概念时,样文的用词分别是academic study and research、reasonable career ,而绝大多数中国考生的用词是study和good job 。碰到这种情况,考生就可以将官方样文中的地道表达记住,下次用时就可以把good job 替换成reasonable career。同时,如果想表达的是大学及以上阶段的学习,也可以用academic study and research来替换study。
3. 勤查字典
对于如何才能准确使用词语的问题,笔者建议考生准备几本好的英文词典,对于不确定其用法的词汇,考生可以参照词典中的英文定义及例句,多多体会,这样就能在写作时保证词汇使用的精确性了。
雅思写作大作文范文:竞争还是合作
雅思写作真题范文:Many students are taught to push themselves to try and be better than other students, rather than work together for everyone’s benefits. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?(许多学生被教导要努力学习,比其他学生更好,而不是为每个人的利益一起工作。利大于弊吗
雅思写作大作文题目讲解
分析:文章结构类似AD类,首段提出个人观点,本文观点弊大于利。主体段讨论其利弊时,可从解决问题独立性与压力健康等问题思考,进行展开。最后一段重申观点,总结全文。
雅思写作大作文参考范文
我们生活在一个充斥着激烈竞争的世界,无论是企业还是个人,甚至是那些在学校学习的人都是如此。就我个人而言,我认为优点并不一定超过缺点。
It is common that we are living in a world filled with sever competition in both businesses and individuals, even in those who study at schools. Personally, I think the merits do not necessarily outweigh the demerits.
There are two benefits of developing students’ habit of competing with each other. Firstly, establishing a competitive environment is able to enormously motivate students of all levels to keep learning and working hard in order to keep up with peers and achieve more goals. In other words, this prevents ordinary students from giving up on themselves and makes them realize that being competitive is a quality that is capable of building up their perseverance. Furthermore, it is undeniable that competitive awareness can cultivate students to improve their problem-solving skills through coping with continuous challenges alone. Specifically, they are more likely to make great attempts to figure out problems in more effective ways rather than wait for others to find solutions.
When it comes to drawbacks, we cannot ignore the fact that cooperation plays an extremely imperative role in students’ whole life. Those who do not know how to cooperate may find it difficult to adapt to working environment in the future, for one-man team is less appreciated in a large number of firms. Another perceived disadvantage is that enormous competition has the possibility for students to accumulate more pressure, especially for those who are not good at dealing with stress, contributing to insomnia or other health issues. Therefore, it can negatively affect their learning attitudes.
In conclusion, although encouraging students to be competitive is beneficial for their academic studies and surrounding adaptability, it could become demerits when teachers only emphasize on teaching competition and ignore the impact of cooperation.
总之,虽然鼓励学生竞争是有益于他们的学术研究和周围的适应性,但它可能成为缺点时,教师只注重教学竞争,忽略合作的影响。
雅思写作大作文范文:艺术和科技
真题范文:People still value artists in the age of advanced science and technology. Why you think this is? Are arts as important as science and technology?(在高科技时代,人们仍然重视艺术家。你为什么这么认为?艺术和科学技术一样重要吗
雅思写作大作文参考范文
科学技术的进步和尖端的突破,开启了人们对逻辑和理性的痴迷,走向公众关注的时代。然而,艺术或艺术家,人类心灵中相对感性的部分,仍然有其不可替代的重要性。
The advanced technology and cutting-edge breakthrough of science usher in an age when the obsession with logic and rationality elbow its way to the spotlight of public. However, art or the artists, the relatively sentimental part of human mind, still deserves a place for its irreplaceable importance.
It is apparent that the intrinsic characteristics of human being’s mind make artists an indispensable role. The essence of arts is its natural outflow of human emotion and their perception to the world from a subjective and self-oriented perspective, which can arouse a mental echo of the thirst for beauty and the probation of the primitive state of mind. Although we have lived in a world beaming with the hustle and bustle brought by technology, we still need musicians to compose the melodious tunes and painters to depict the magnificence of landscape. Vincent Van Gogh’s Starry Night will not pale compared with the stunning Hubble telescope.
The importance of art cannot be underestimated for the simple reason that its benefits will make a difference to human, albeit the dominance of technology. The pace of modern life has been inevitably accelerated due to the penetration of technological devices such as new media and machines, whose tyranny drains energy and paralyses our sense to the beauty of world. This circumstance is likely to be eased because art can present the aesthetic bliss and therefore reduce the fatigue and tiresome. It seems that the exhaustive soul can be nourished in the company of a light-hearted classic music and a piece of oil painting. We need the soothing comfort of art, as the advancement of our logic is always entwined with the call of our nature.